Catherine McGowan
National History Day
Prohibition in the 1920's
Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources:
1.) A Prohibition-era plea for alcohol, Chicago Historical Society, 1924
http://www.bioquest.org/icbl/projectfiles/prohib5.jpg We Want Beer
This primary source photograph shows those who were against the idea of prohibition, and how they were willing to protest to be able to drink once again. This goes against the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, and shows that plenty of people were against the ratification of the 18th Amendment.
2.) A. Y. Owen, Time & Life Pictures, Getty Images, Feb 01, 1959
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9g1Ege5PHsE/TNlyfT8GrbI/AAAAAAAACRc/gBUQcMDo5Ts/s1600/speakeasy_1+-+Copy.jpg speakeasy
This primary source photograph shows the consequences of prohibition because it displays the illegal speakeasies. People are in a room, drinking socially and having a great time. Speakeasies are places where people can get a hold of alcohol illegally, proving that the 18th Amendment wasn’t effective because although it was illegal people broke the law in spite.
3.) A. Y. Owen/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images Feb 01, 1959
http://cache1.asset-cache.net/xc/50709711.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=E41C9FE5C4AA0A144C9EDEFBADB05EAEA0A622B2B7B115E508C733BAC340B71EB01E70F2B3269972
The photographs from this primary source are of photos that are taken in court with the 18th Amendment was being voted on through legislation. These were important to the course part of my project.
4.) Daciaoff_new_EE. Web. 22 Mar. 2011.
http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_kxtdepCN9V1qb50y9o1_500.jpg
This primary source photograph is a political advertisement that consists of an octopus symbolizing those against prohibition and a hand stabbing at it with a bracelet that reads “Prohibition Party”. This photograph shows the tension between the two sides of my debate and gives away that the prohibition party was working hard at getting the 18th Amendment ratified.
5.) “Eighteenth Amendment.” Image. Library of congress. American History. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web 9. Nov. 2010
This primary source document consisting of a photograph of a member of the anti-prohibition group called “The Crusaders”. The Crusaders protested and worked to get the 18th Amendment repealed, and this photograph shows this perfectly. A woman is standing by an advertisement that is supporting the repeal of the 18th Amendment. This source gave me some support for the consequences of my debate.
6.) "Fun Facts for November 18th… | Herding Cats in Hammond River." Herding Cats in Hammond River | Musings of a Matriarch. Web. 22 Mar. 2011.
http://rpmedia.ask.com/ts?u=/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Wctu_logo.png
This primary source photograph consists of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union’s logo. This serves as a photograph for one of the organizations that was in favor of prohibition.
7.) Hanks, Melvin L., Treasury Department U.S. Prohibition Service, 1928.
This primary source document consists of a letter concerning alcohol trafficking that was illegal during the time in which the 18th Amendment was being enforced. This showed me that even when the law was in place, people still found a way to get a hold of alcohol and break the law, proving that the 18th Amendment was, in a way, a waste because it wasn't enforced very well. This helped me with the consequences of my debate.
8.) "Henry Ford: quote on Prohibition” American History. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web 9 Nov. 2010.
This primary source document consists of a quote from Henry Ford that is stating specifically that alcohol OFFICIALLY is illegal, and if any man is caught with the illegal substance they will be punished for it as a crime. This gives me support for the course of my debate because it takes place near the ratification of the 18th Amendment.
9.) "James A. White." University District History. Web. 17 Mar. 2011.
This primary source photography is an advertisement for the cause of prohibition from the Ohio Dry Federation. This was a form of propaganda to get Americans to agree with the fact of alcohol being illegal. This is a part of the course of my debate because this supports the side of those being for prohibition.
10.) Kieffer, J.M., The Temperance Army, 1874
This primary source consists of a song that supports the idea of prohibiting alcohol. When it states, “Now the temp'rance army's marching, with the Christian’s armor on”, it shows that Christians or religion oriented people seemed to be at the forefront of the debate for those who were against alcohol and believed it cause a lot of problems within our society.
11.) "Lips That Touch Liquor Shall Not Touch Ours — Lost At E Minor: For Creative People." Lost At E Minor: For Creative People. Web. 22 Mar. 2011.
http://www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/images/ProhibitionTile.jpg
This primary source photograph consists of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union itself. They are holding up a poster that states, “Lips that touch liquor shall not touch ours”. This photograph clearly states the WTCU’s position in the debate over prohibition, and shows that they are willing to give up men to make the 18th Amendment get passed.
12.) McCarter, H.C., Treasury Department Prescription Blank- National Prohibition Act, 1923
This primary source document consists of an illegal prescription issues to Ira Altman through the doctor McCarter. This helped me with my NHD project because this gave me support for the consequences of my debate because even with liquor protected by prescriptions, doctors were so corrupt that they actually took money when they were bribed into giving out uneeded prescriptions for alcohol.
13.) The Eighteenth Amendment, The Constitution
This primary source document consists of the exact words of the Amendment itself, and it states a year after the ratification of the 18th Amendment, all sale, transportation, and manufacture of intoxicating liquor will be enforced by the law. This is considered apart of the course of my debate because this was the final decision after the arguments of both sides were considered.
14.) "Today...on This Date." Martinsville Media | Serving Martinsville and Henry County. Web. 22
http://www.cincinnativiews.net/images-2/Carrie%20Nation.jpg
This primary source photograph is a photograph of Carry Nation, one of the strong supporters of prohibition. She is known for carrying around a mini hatchet, used for breaking open barrels of alcohol. I used this photograph to show a woman that was against alcohol.
15.) "US Is Voted Dry! Banner - CafePress." Custom T-Shirts, Unique Gifts, Posters, & Personalized Mugs | CafePress. Web. 22 Mar. 2011.
http://americanhistory.unomaha.edu/module_display.php?mod_id=101&review=yes
This primary source photograph is of a newspaper that came out when the 18th Amendment was finally ratified. This was an important photograph that was a part of the course of my debate.
Secondary Sources:
1. Hanson, Erica. A Cultural History of the United States Through the Decades. San Diego, California: Lucent Books, Inc., 1999
This secondary source gave me a lot of information for the consequences of my debate. It gave a lot of statistics on the illegal aspect of alcohol once the 18th Amendment was ratified, proving that the ratification of the amendment was pointless because the statistics on illegal alcohol trade were so high. For instance, in 1924 the Commerce Department estimated the value of liquor imported by rumrunners at $40 million.
2. Lender, Mark. Dictionary of American Temperance Biographies. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1984
This secondary source is a collection of biographies of important people that were in favor of prohibition. This gave me plenty of information on Carry Nation, the woman who is know for carrying around a hatchet for destroying barrels of alcohol and walking into bars and threatening to attack the liquor. She is a huge part of the cause of my debate because she really got people thinking about whether or not they should make alcohol illegal. Actually, people saw how assertive Carry Nation was, and they followed in her footsteps.
3. Lucas, Eileen. The Eighteenth and Twenty-First Amendments. Springfield, New Jersey: Enslaw Publishers, Inc., 1998
This secondary source gave me plenty of support for cause, course, and consequences of my debate. It gave plenty of information on the Volstead Act, the smaller laws involving alcohol before the ratification of the 18th Amendment, and information on Al Capone and the violence caused by prohibition in the 1920's. In other words, this book gave little snippets of information for me to research further.
4. Orkent, Daniel. Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition New York, NY: Last Laugh, Inc., 2010
This secondary source gave me a lot of consequences for my debate, especially since the author was writing in such a way to make prohibition in the 1920's seem like a joke. This gave me information on how riots and protests were started over the repeal of the 18th Amendment and how people really wanted to drink alcohol once again. It also gave me a lot of information on bootlegging and how special pieces of clothing were manufactured to hide alcohol.
5. Pendergast, Tom, Pendergast Sara, Sousanis, John. Constitutional Amendments. Detroit, MI: V-X-L, 2001
This secondary source too gave me plenty of consequences for my debate. It stated that people even intentionally left grapefruit juice to expire so that it turns into wine. It also gave information on moonshine and how people were so in love with alcohol that they went at far as to make it in their own bathtubs. But put aside the consequences, it also gave course support for my debate including ratification facts and more arguments that were against prohibition.
6. Smith, Jo Durden. 100 Most Infamous Criminals. New York, NY: Arcturus Publishing Limited, 2003
This secondary source only gave me consequences for my debate, because this book specifically focused on Al Capone and how he was involved in the illegal alcohol trade industry. This gave me a ton of information on the Valentine's Day massacre. This showed that having alcohol prohibited it caused more crime and violence over leadership of the illegal alcohol trade.
7. “temperance movement,” American History. ABC-CLIO, 2010 Web. 9. Nov 2010
This secondary source gave me a lot of information on Al Capone, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and pretty much just a generalized summary of what went on with my debate during the 1920's. Therefore, this gave me all three: causes, course, and consequences of my debate.
8. Vile, John. Twenty-First Amendment. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web 11, Nov 2010.
This secondary source gave me statistics on the repeal of the 18th Amendment, such as of some 21 million Americans who voted on the subject, 72.9% expressed the support of repeal. Statistics like these emphasizes the consequences to my debate because it shows how much the Americans wanted alcohol to be legal once again. It also gave arguments against prohibition, which is apart of the course of my debate, such as the Great Depression forced law makers to look at alcohol as a source of revenue and jobs.
9. “Woman's Christian Temperance Union” American Governement. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web 11. Nov. 2010
This secondary source gave me statistics derived from the WTCU, background information on the WTCU, and how the WTCU played a huge role in getting the topic of prohibition to become a controversial topic. It talked about the ways the WTCU protested such as marching, praying, and singing just to get people to support their opinion on prohibition. It stated that the WTCU viewed alcohol at the main corrupting influence in the United States.
National History Day
Prohibition in the 1920's
Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources:
1.) A Prohibition-era plea for alcohol, Chicago Historical Society, 1924
http://www.bioquest.org/icbl/projectfiles/prohib5.jpg We Want Beer
This primary source photograph shows those who were against the idea of prohibition, and how they were willing to protest to be able to drink once again. This goes against the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, and shows that plenty of people were against the ratification of the 18th Amendment.
2.) A. Y. Owen, Time & Life Pictures, Getty Images, Feb 01, 1959
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9g1Ege5PHsE/TNlyfT8GrbI/AAAAAAAACRc/gBUQcMDo5Ts/s1600/speakeasy_1+-+Copy.jpg speakeasy
This primary source photograph shows the consequences of prohibition because it displays the illegal speakeasies. People are in a room, drinking socially and having a great time. Speakeasies are places where people can get a hold of alcohol illegally, proving that the 18th Amendment wasn’t effective because although it was illegal people broke the law in spite.
3.) A. Y. Owen/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images Feb 01, 1959
http://cache1.asset-cache.net/xc/50709711.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=E41C9FE5C4AA0A144C9EDEFBADB05EAEA0A622B2B7B115E508C733BAC340B71EB01E70F2B3269972
The photographs from this primary source are of photos that are taken in court with the 18th Amendment was being voted on through legislation. These were important to the course part of my project.
4.) Daciaoff_new_EE. Web. 22 Mar. 2011.
http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_kxtdepCN9V1qb50y9o1_500.jpg
This primary source photograph is a political advertisement that consists of an octopus symbolizing those against prohibition and a hand stabbing at it with a bracelet that reads “Prohibition Party”. This photograph shows the tension between the two sides of my debate and gives away that the prohibition party was working hard at getting the 18th Amendment ratified.
5.) “Eighteenth Amendment.” Image. Library of congress. American History. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web 9. Nov. 2010
This primary source document consisting of a photograph of a member of the anti-prohibition group called “The Crusaders”. The Crusaders protested and worked to get the 18th Amendment repealed, and this photograph shows this perfectly. A woman is standing by an advertisement that is supporting the repeal of the 18th Amendment. This source gave me some support for the consequences of my debate.
6.) "Fun Facts for November 18th… | Herding Cats in Hammond River." Herding Cats in Hammond River | Musings of a Matriarch. Web. 22 Mar. 2011.
http://rpmedia.ask.com/ts?u=/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Wctu_logo.png
This primary source photograph consists of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union’s logo. This serves as a photograph for one of the organizations that was in favor of prohibition.
7.) Hanks, Melvin L., Treasury Department U.S. Prohibition Service, 1928.
This primary source document consists of a letter concerning alcohol trafficking that was illegal during the time in which the 18th Amendment was being enforced. This showed me that even when the law was in place, people still found a way to get a hold of alcohol and break the law, proving that the 18th Amendment was, in a way, a waste because it wasn't enforced very well. This helped me with the consequences of my debate.
8.) "Henry Ford: quote on Prohibition” American History. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web 9 Nov. 2010.
This primary source document consists of a quote from Henry Ford that is stating specifically that alcohol OFFICIALLY is illegal, and if any man is caught with the illegal substance they will be punished for it as a crime. This gives me support for the course of my debate because it takes place near the ratification of the 18th Amendment.
9.) "James A. White." University District History. Web. 17 Mar. 2011.
This primary source photography is an advertisement for the cause of prohibition from the Ohio Dry Federation. This was a form of propaganda to get Americans to agree with the fact of alcohol being illegal. This is a part of the course of my debate because this supports the side of those being for prohibition.
10.) Kieffer, J.M., The Temperance Army, 1874
This primary source consists of a song that supports the idea of prohibiting alcohol. When it states, “Now the temp'rance army's marching, with the Christian’s armor on”, it shows that Christians or religion oriented people seemed to be at the forefront of the debate for those who were against alcohol and believed it cause a lot of problems within our society.
11.) "Lips That Touch Liquor Shall Not Touch Ours — Lost At E Minor: For Creative People." Lost At E Minor: For Creative People. Web. 22 Mar. 2011.
http://www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/images/ProhibitionTile.jpg
This primary source photograph consists of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union itself. They are holding up a poster that states, “Lips that touch liquor shall not touch ours”. This photograph clearly states the WTCU’s position in the debate over prohibition, and shows that they are willing to give up men to make the 18th Amendment get passed.
12.) McCarter, H.C., Treasury Department Prescription Blank- National Prohibition Act, 1923
This primary source document consists of an illegal prescription issues to Ira Altman through the doctor McCarter. This helped me with my NHD project because this gave me support for the consequences of my debate because even with liquor protected by prescriptions, doctors were so corrupt that they actually took money when they were bribed into giving out uneeded prescriptions for alcohol.
13.) The Eighteenth Amendment, The Constitution
This primary source document consists of the exact words of the Amendment itself, and it states a year after the ratification of the 18th Amendment, all sale, transportation, and manufacture of intoxicating liquor will be enforced by the law. This is considered apart of the course of my debate because this was the final decision after the arguments of both sides were considered.
14.) "Today...on This Date." Martinsville Media | Serving Martinsville and Henry County. Web. 22
http://www.cincinnativiews.net/images-2/Carrie%20Nation.jpg
This primary source photograph is a photograph of Carry Nation, one of the strong supporters of prohibition. She is known for carrying around a mini hatchet, used for breaking open barrels of alcohol. I used this photograph to show a woman that was against alcohol.
15.) "US Is Voted Dry! Banner - CafePress." Custom T-Shirts, Unique Gifts, Posters, & Personalized Mugs | CafePress. Web. 22 Mar. 2011.
http://americanhistory.unomaha.edu/module_display.php?mod_id=101&review=yes
This primary source photograph is of a newspaper that came out when the 18th Amendment was finally ratified. This was an important photograph that was a part of the course of my debate.
Secondary Sources:
1. Hanson, Erica. A Cultural History of the United States Through the Decades. San Diego, California: Lucent Books, Inc., 1999
This secondary source gave me a lot of information for the consequences of my debate. It gave a lot of statistics on the illegal aspect of alcohol once the 18th Amendment was ratified, proving that the ratification of the amendment was pointless because the statistics on illegal alcohol trade were so high. For instance, in 1924 the Commerce Department estimated the value of liquor imported by rumrunners at $40 million.
2. Lender, Mark. Dictionary of American Temperance Biographies. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1984
This secondary source is a collection of biographies of important people that were in favor of prohibition. This gave me plenty of information on Carry Nation, the woman who is know for carrying around a hatchet for destroying barrels of alcohol and walking into bars and threatening to attack the liquor. She is a huge part of the cause of my debate because she really got people thinking about whether or not they should make alcohol illegal. Actually, people saw how assertive Carry Nation was, and they followed in her footsteps.
3. Lucas, Eileen. The Eighteenth and Twenty-First Amendments. Springfield, New Jersey: Enslaw Publishers, Inc., 1998
This secondary source gave me plenty of support for cause, course, and consequences of my debate. It gave plenty of information on the Volstead Act, the smaller laws involving alcohol before the ratification of the 18th Amendment, and information on Al Capone and the violence caused by prohibition in the 1920's. In other words, this book gave little snippets of information for me to research further.
4. Orkent, Daniel. Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition New York, NY: Last Laugh, Inc., 2010
This secondary source gave me a lot of consequences for my debate, especially since the author was writing in such a way to make prohibition in the 1920's seem like a joke. This gave me information on how riots and protests were started over the repeal of the 18th Amendment and how people really wanted to drink alcohol once again. It also gave me a lot of information on bootlegging and how special pieces of clothing were manufactured to hide alcohol.
5. Pendergast, Tom, Pendergast Sara, Sousanis, John. Constitutional Amendments. Detroit, MI: V-X-L, 2001
This secondary source too gave me plenty of consequences for my debate. It stated that people even intentionally left grapefruit juice to expire so that it turns into wine. It also gave information on moonshine and how people were so in love with alcohol that they went at far as to make it in their own bathtubs. But put aside the consequences, it also gave course support for my debate including ratification facts and more arguments that were against prohibition.
6. Smith, Jo Durden. 100 Most Infamous Criminals. New York, NY: Arcturus Publishing Limited, 2003
This secondary source only gave me consequences for my debate, because this book specifically focused on Al Capone and how he was involved in the illegal alcohol trade industry. This gave me a ton of information on the Valentine's Day massacre. This showed that having alcohol prohibited it caused more crime and violence over leadership of the illegal alcohol trade.
7. “temperance movement,” American History. ABC-CLIO, 2010 Web. 9. Nov 2010
This secondary source gave me a lot of information on Al Capone, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and pretty much just a generalized summary of what went on with my debate during the 1920's. Therefore, this gave me all three: causes, course, and consequences of my debate.
8. Vile, John. Twenty-First Amendment. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web 11, Nov 2010.
This secondary source gave me statistics on the repeal of the 18th Amendment, such as of some 21 million Americans who voted on the subject, 72.9% expressed the support of repeal. Statistics like these emphasizes the consequences to my debate because it shows how much the Americans wanted alcohol to be legal once again. It also gave arguments against prohibition, which is apart of the course of my debate, such as the Great Depression forced law makers to look at alcohol as a source of revenue and jobs.
9. “Woman's Christian Temperance Union” American Governement. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web 11. Nov. 2010
This secondary source gave me statistics derived from the WTCU, background information on the WTCU, and how the WTCU played a huge role in getting the topic of prohibition to become a controversial topic. It talked about the ways the WTCU protested such as marching, praying, and singing just to get people to support their opinion on prohibition. It stated that the WTCU viewed alcohol at the main corrupting influence in the United States.
